Black Athena: the Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization

v. 1. The fabrication of ancient Greece, 1785-1985

v. 2. The archaeological and documentary evidence

v. 3. The linguistic evidence.

Volume 1: Fabrication Of Ancient Greece, 1785-1985

Preface and acknowledgments

Transcription and phonetics

Maps and charts

Chronological table

Introduction

Background

Proposed historical outline

Black Athena, Volume 1: Summary of the argument

Greece European or Levantine? the Egyptian and West Semitic components of Greek civilization / Summary of Volume 2

Solving the riddle of the Sphinx and other studies in Egypto-Greek mythology / Summary of Volume 3

1: Ancient Model In Antiquity

Pelasgians

Ionians

Colonization

Colonizations in Greek tragedy

Herodotos

Thucydides

Isokrates and Plato

Aristotle

Theories of colonization and later borrowing in the Hellenistic world

Plutarch's attack on Herodotos

Triumph of Egyptian religion

Alexander son of Ammon

2: Egyptian Wisdom And Greek Transmission From The Dark Ages To The Renaissance

Murder of Hypatia

Collapse of Egypto-Pagan religion

Christianity, stars and fish

Relics of Egyptian religion: Hermeticism, Neo-Platonism and Gnosticism

Hermeticism-Greek, Iranian, Chaldaean or Egyptian?

Hermeticism and Neo-Platonism under early Christianity, Judaism and Islam

Hermeticism in Byzantium and Christian Western Europe

Egypt in the Renaissance

Copernicus and Hermeticism

Hermeticism and Egypt in the 16th century

3: Triumph Of Egypt In The 17th And 18th Centuries

Hermeticism in the 17th century

Rosicrucianism: Ancient Egypt in Protestant countries

Ancient Egypt in the 18th century

18th century: China and the Physiocrats

18th century: England, Egypt and the Freemasons

France, Egypt and 'progress': the quarrel between Ancients and moderns

Mythology as allegory for Egyptian science

Expedition to Egypt

4: Hostilities To Egypt In The 18th Century

Christian reaction

Triangle: Christianity and Greece against Egypt

Alliance between Greece and Christianity

Progress against Egypt

Europe as the 'progressive' continent

Progress

Racism

Romanticism

Ossian and Homer

Romantic Hellenism

Winckelmann and Neo-Hellenism in Germany

Gottingen

5: Romantic Linguistics: The Rise Of India And The Fall Of Egypt, 1740-1880

Birth of Indo-European

Love affair with Sanskrit

Schlegelian romantic linguistics

Oriental renaissance

Fall of China

Racism in the early 19th century

What colour were the ancient Egyptians?

National renaissance of modern Egypt

Dupuis, Jomard and Champollion

Egyptian monotheism or Egyptian polytheism

Popular perceptions of Ancient Egypt in the 19th and 20th centuries

Elliot Smith and 'diffusionism'

Jomard and the mystery of the Pyramids

6: Hellenomania, 1: The Fall Of The Ancient Model, 1790-1830

Friedrich August Wolf and Wilhelm von Humboldt

Humboldt's educational reforms

Philhellenes

Dirty Greeks and the Dorians

Transitional figures, 1: Hegel and Marx

Transitional figures, 2: Heeren

Transitional figures, 3: Barthold Niebuhr

Petit-Radel and the first attack on the ancient model

Karl Otfried Muller and the overthrow of the ancient model

7: Hellenomania, 2: Transmission Of The New Scholarship To England And The Rise Of The Aryan Model, 1830-60

German model and educational reform in England

George Grote

Aryans and Hellenes

8: Rise And Fall Of The Phoenicians, 1830-85

Phoenicians and anti-Semitism

What race were the Semites?

Linguistic and geographical inferiorities of the Semites

Arnolds

Phoenicians and English, 1: the English view

Phoenicians and English, 2: the French view

Salammbo

Moloch

Phoenicians in Greece: 1820-80

Gobineau's image of Greece

Schliemann and the discovery of the 'Mycenaeans'

Babylon

9: Final Solution of the Phoenician Problem, 1885-1945

The Greek renaissance

Salomon Reinach

Julius Beloch

Victor Berard

Akhenaton and the Egyptian renaissance

Arthur Evans and the 'Minoans'

Peak of anti-Semitism, 1920-39

20th-century Aryanism

Taming the alphabet: the final assault on the Phoenicians

10: Post-War Situation: The Return To The Broad Aryan Model, 1945-85

Post-war situation

Developments in classics, 1945-65

Model of autochthonous origin

East Mediterranean contacts

Mythology

Language

Ugarit

Scholarship and the rise of Israel

Cyrus Gordon

Astour and Hellenosemitica

Astour's successor?-J C Billigmeier

Attempt at compromise: Ruth Edwards

Return of the Iron Age Phoenicians

Naveh and the transmission of the alphabet

Return of the Egyptians?

Revised ancient model

Conclusion

Appendix: Were the Philistines Greek?

Notes

Glossary

Bibliography

Index.

Volume 2: Archaeological And Documentary Evidence

Preface and acknowledgements

Transcription and phonetics

Chronological tables

Introduction

Intrinsic reasons for preferring the revised ancient model to the Aryan one

Some theoretical considerations

Summary of the argument

1: Crete Before The Palaces, 7000-2100 BC

Diffusionist and isolationist debate

Crete before the 21st century BC

Cretan religion in the early Bronze age

Conclusion

2: Egypt's Influence On Boiotan And The Peloponnese In The 3rd Millennium, 1: The Cultic, Mythical And Legendary Evidence

Semele and Alkmene

Athena and Athens in Boiotia: the cults of Athena Itonia and Athena Alalkomena

Neit, the controller of water

Battles between Neit and Seth, Athena and Poseidon

Poseidon / Seth

Neit / Athena and Nephthys / Erinys

Herakles

Conclusion

3: Egypt's Influence On Boiotia And The Peloponnese In The 3rd millennium, II: The Archaeological Evidence

Spartan archaeological : the tomb of Alkmene

Tomb of Amphion and Zethos

Draining of the Kopais

Granaries

Irrigation and settlement in the Argolid

Drainage and irrigation in Arkadia

Parallels between Boiotian and Arkadian place names

Social and political structures in early Helladic Greece

Other archaeological traces of old kingdom Egypt in the Aegean

End of early bronze age 'high' civilization

Conclusion

4: Old Palace Period In Crete And The Egyptian Middle Kingdom, 2100 to 1730 BC

Early Minoan III-the Prepalatial period

Lead and spirals

Cretan palaces

Cretan writing systems

Cultic symbols in Early Palatial Crete

Possible Anatolian origins of the bull cult

Thunder and sex: Min, Pan and Bwaza

Min and Minos

Case against Egyptian influence

Mont and Rhadamanthys

Survival of the bull cult-Cretan conservatism

Conclusion

5: Sesostris, I: The Archaeological And Documentary Evidence For The Greek Accounts Of His Conquest

Discovery of the Mit Rahina inscription

Significance of the inscription as evidence for an Egyptian empire in Asia during the middle kingdom

Senwosre and Sesostris

Real and the fantastic in the Sesostris stories

Middle kingdom Egypt's military capability

Background

Archaeological evidence for the campaigns

Was Sesostris the destroyer?

Sesostris in Thrace and Scythia?

Sesostris in Colchis?

Evidence for Sesostris 'conquests' from the Mit Rahina inscription

Conclusion

6: Sesostris, II: The Cultic, Mythical And Legendary Evidence

Egyptian tradition

Traditions of the Levant and Anatolia

Thrace and Scythia

Colchis: and Egyptian colony?

Mesopotamia and Iran

Greek and legends of Memnon and his conquests on Anatolia

Case for an Egyptian conquest of Troy c1900 BC

Sesostris / Senwosre and Amenemhe's conquests: a summary of the evidence

7: Thera Eruption: From The Aegean To China

Controversy over dating

Eruption re-dated

Implications of the re-dating

Thera and Kalliste

Volcanic allusions in the Exodus story

Membliaros and the pall of darkness

Myth of Atlantis

Hekla eruption in Iceland

China: the historiographical impact

World-wide impact of the Thera eruption

Conclusion

8: Hyksos

Chronology of the 13th Dynasty: chaos in Egypt

Chronology of the 15th Dynasty: the beginnings of Hyksos rule

Hyksos capital at Tell el Daba'a

400-year stela and the Temple of Seth

Chronological summary

Who were the Hyksos?

Different views on the origin and the arrival of the Hyksos

Hyksos as a multinational corporation

Horses and chariots: Hurrians and Aryans

Hurrians and Hyksos

Hyksos material culture

Hyksos and the biblical captivity or sojourn in Egypt

Conclusion

9: Crete, Thera And The Birth Of Mycenaean Culture In The 18th And 17th Centuries BC: A Hyksos Invasion?

Cretan new palaces

Weapons of Crete in MMIII

Flying gallop, the sphinx and the griffin

Was there a Hyksos invastion of Crete c1730 BC?

Hyksos in Thera?

Origins of Mycenaean civilization

Aryanist model of invasion

Between Aryand and ancient: Frank Stubbings

Conclusion: Revision of the ancient model

10: Egyptian, Mesopotamian And Levantine Contacts With The Aegean: The Documentary Evidence

Egyptian place names referring to the Aegan

Etymology of Danaan

Documentary evidence for Egyptian relations with the Aegean in the late Bronze age

Accuracy and hybridism in Egyptian inscriptions and tomb paintings

Why did Cretan princes bring tribute to Egypt?

Dating the Mycenaean domination of Crete

Crete and Mycenaean missions to Egypt

Statue base of Amenophis III

Contacts between Egypt and the Aegean in the late 18th and 19th Dynasties

Summary of the evidence from Egyptian documents and paintings

Mesopotamian and Ugaritic documents

Aegean documents

Conclusion

11: Egyptian And Levantine Contacts With The Aegean, 1550-1250 BC: The Archaeological Evidence

Late Mycenaean Greece

Relative isolation of the Aegean 1550-1470BC

Egyptian expansion from c1520 to 1420

Pelops and the Achaians: evidence from Anatolia

Pelops 'the crown prince?

Achaians and the Danaans

Archaeological traces of the Achaians

Mycenaeans and Hittities

Ugarit and Cyprus

Mycenaean expansion and conquests of Tuthmosis III

Merchants of the Mediterranean in the late Bronze age?

Kas shipwreck: the sailors

Egyptian Thebes and Mycenae, 1420-1370 BC

Foundation deposit plaques

Vocabulary of trade

Decline of Egyptian influence on the Aegean 1370-1200 BC

Phi and Psi figurines and smiting gods

Canaanite jars

Ivory

Conclusion

12: Heroic End To The Heroic Age: The Fall Of Thebes, Troy and Mycenae 1250-1150 BC

Cylinder seals

Boiotian Thebes and the Phoenician's arrival

Ancient chronographies

Kadmos and the alphabet

Kadmos and Danaos: Hyksos rulers

Problems in the writing of liner B

Treasure of the Kadmeion

Kassite connection

Destruction of Thebes

Brief survey of Trojan history

Date of the Trojan war

Thebes and Troy

Collapse of Mycenaean civilization

Conclusion

Maps and charts

Notes

Glossary

Bibliography

Index.

Volume 3: Linguistic evidence

Preface and acknowledgements

Transcription and phonetics

Maps and charts

Introduction

Previous volumes and their reception

Classics has been misunderstood

Anathema from a GOM

Outline of volume 3

1: Historical Linguistics And The Image Of Ancient Greek

Nineteenth-century romantic linguistics: the tree and the family

Saussure and the twentieth-century epigones of nineteenth-century Indo-European studies

Ramification or interlacing

2: Nostratic And Euroasiatic Hyper- And Super-Familes

Nostratic and Eurasiatic

Archaeological evidence for the origin of Nostratic and Eurosiatic

Gordon Childe and Colin Renfrew

Language and genetics

Conclusion

3: Afroasiatic, Egyptian And Semitic

Origins of African languages and the development of agriculture in Africa

Origins and spread of Afroasiatic

Conclusion

4: Origins Of Indo-Hittite And Indo-European And Their Contacts With Other Languages

Origins and diffusion of Indo-Hittite and Indo-European

Loans from other languages into PIH

Development of and Indo-European gender system based on sex

Conclusion

5: Greek Language In The Mediterranean Context: Part, Phonology

Greek: result of a linguistic shift or of language contact?

Elements of the Greek linguistic amalgam

Phonologies of Indo-Hittite and Indo-European

Phonological developments from PIE to Greek

Conclusion

6: Greek Language In The Mediterranean Context: Part 2, Morphological And Syntactical Developments

Morphology

Syntax

Summary of syntactical changes

Conclusion

7: Greek Language In The Mediterranean Context: Part 3, Lexicon

Introduction

Study of lexical borrowings

Ancient Greeks' sense of lexical borrowing

Loans from Afroasiatic into Greek and into Albanian or Armenian

Conclusion

8: Phonetic Developments In Egyptian, West Semitic And Greek Over The Last Three Millennia BCE, as Reflected In Lexical Borrowings

Introduction

Semitic

Egyptian

Conclusion

9: Greek Borrowings From Egyptian Prefixes, Including The Definite Articles

Introduction

Greek borrowing from Egyptian definite article prefixes

Egyptian word pr "house, temple, palace"

R- "entry" or local prefix"

(R)dit, "casual prefix"

Greek borrowings from Egyptian verbs beginning with di(t)

Conclusion

10: Major Egyptian Terms In Greek: Part 1

1: Ntr/K3

2: 'nh

3: M(w)dw

4: Sb3

5: Dr, R-dr, drw

6: Mwr, M3't, Moipa, Meipouai and Mm3't, Ma

7: Hpr

Conclusion

11: Major Egyptian Terms In Greek: Part 2

nfr(w)/ms

nfr/ms

Conclusion

12: Sixteen Minor Roots

Introduction

Conclusion

13: Semitic Sibilants

Introduction

Loans of sibilants from Canaanite into Greek

Laterial fricatives

Sheltered /s /sC /s /before consonants

Conclusion

14: More Semitic Loans Into Greek

Introduction

Conclusion

15: Some Egyptian And Semiic Semantic Clusters In Greek

Nature and agriculture

Cooking

Medicine

Conclusion

16: Semantic Clusters: Warfare, Hunting, And Shipping

Weapons, warfare and hunting

Shipping

17: Semantic Clusters: Society, Poltics, Law And Abstraction

Introduction

Society

Politics

Law and order

Abstraction

18: Religious Terminology

Structures

Personnel

Cult objects

Rituals

Sacrifices

Incense, flowers, scents

Aura

Mysteries

Conclusion

19: Divine Names: Gods, Mythical Creatures, Heroes

Introduction: Gods

hpr, "become" Hprr, Apollo, Asklepios, Python and Delphi

Apollo the "Aryan"

Was Apollo a sun god before the fifht century?

Twins, Apollo and Artemis

Other olympians

Zeus Nsw

Other gods

Herodots' non-Egyptian divine names

Demigods

Mythical creatures

Some heroes

Conclusion

20: Geographical Features And Place-Name

Introduction

Natural features

City names

Conclusion

21: Sparta

Introduction

Sparta: *sper and Sp3t

Anubis, Hermes and Sparta

Late borrowings and Lykurgos

Lakonian terminology Egyptian?

Sparta and death

Spartans and Jews

22: Athena And Athens

Introduction

Summary of the chapter

Armor and equipment

Athena and her victims

Athens as a colony from Sias?

Summary of the cultic evidence

Etymoloyg of names

Ht ntr (nt) Nt Athena(ia)

Conclusion

Conclusion

Notes

Glossary

Greek words and names with proposed Afroasiatic etymologies

Letter correspondences

Bibliography

Index.

v. 1. The fabrication of ancient Greece, 1785-1985

v. 2. The archaeological and documentary evidence